Hey guys,
Nucleo f466re, if I remember right and arduino UNO should use the same code and the same pinout for the SPI communication with the AS5047. I am almost 100% sure because the code was in the most part written for the as5047 and those two microcontrollers 
Now what I see here as a potential issue is that as5047 has both 3.3V and 5V logic. Since the code works on Arudino UNO, I suppose you’re using the 5V logic. And I have had this issue before with my stm32 boards which are 3.3V so make sure that you are using the 3.3V logic on the as5047.
This is easy to do, just check the solder bridge connection on back side of the board. It should be soldered for 3.3V and unsoldered for 5V. But it might be the other way around